CWISA-102 Certified Wireless IoT Solutions Administrator Questions and Answers

• BLE Beacon Power Efficiency: Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) beacons are designed for low power consumption. Their primary function is to periodically broadcast short data packets (advertising their presence).
• Other Technologies:

• OFDM vs. OFDMA:

References

• OFDM: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthogonal_frequency-division_multiplexing
• OFDMA: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthogonal_frequency-division_multiple_access

• QAM Constellations: QAM (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation) uses a constellation diagram where points represent unique combinations of amplitude and phase.
• Bits per Symbol: The number in QAM-XX indicates the number of points:
• Higher Data Rates: More points in the constellation enable transmitting more bits per symbol, leading to higher data rates at the same bandwidth.

References

• QAM: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadrature_amplitude_modulation

• IIoT Environments: Industrial IoT (IIoT) often involves deployment in harsh environments (factories, plants, outdoor sites) with:
• Ruggedization: IIoT devices are designed to withstand these conditions, ensuring reliability and longevity.

References

• IIoT: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Internet_of_things
• Rugged Devices: Articles on ruggedized electronics will emphasize their importance in industrial settings.

• IEEE 802.15.4: The IEEE 802.15.4 standard is a fundamental specification for low-rate wireless personal area networks (LR-WPANs). It serves as the basis for many wireless IoT protocols.
• IEEE's Role: The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) is the organization responsible for creating, maintaining, and publishing the 802.15.4 standard.

References

• IEEE 802.15.4 Standard: https://standards.ieee.org/standard/802_15_4-2020.html
• IEEE Website: https://www.ieee.org/

• Importance of Time Sync in IoT: Coordinated actions, accurate data analysis, and event logging in wireless IoT solutions often rely on devices having a shared time reference.
• NTP's Role: Network Time Protocol (NTP) enables devices to synchronize their clocks against a reliable time source (NTP server), ensuring consistency across the network.
• Why Other Options Don't Fit:

References:

• Network Time Protocol (NTP): How it works and its importance in distributed systems.
• IoT Time Synchronization Challenges: Articles highlighting the need for accuracy in sensor networks and similar use cases.

• Lab Purpose: Wireless testing labs offer controlled settings to:
• Other Benefits (While not the primary benefit):

References

• Benefits of IT Labs: Can be extended from wireless to broader IT experimentation and learning. (Articles on this topic are readily available)

• Smart Building Core Benefit: Smart building technologies primarily aim to optimize a building's operational efficiency through automation and data-driven insights.
• Efficiency Examples:

References

• Smart Buildings: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_building
• Articles on Benefits of Smart Buildings: A quick search will yield many resources detailing these advantages.

• ITU's Mandate: The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) is a specialized agency of the United Nations focused on global information and communication technologies (ICTs).
• Radio Spectrum Regulation: A core ITU function is allocating radio spectrum bands and satellite orbits to prevent harmful interference between different countries and technologies. This coordination is essential for the orderly use of wireless communications worldwide.
• Other ITU Roles: While involved in standard-setting and establishing best practices, options A and D are less precise than the ITU's spectrum coordination focus.

References:

• ITU Website: (https://www.itu.int/en/) Outlines its activities and governance of radio spectrum.
• ITU Radio Regulations: The international treaty governing the use of the radio-frequency spectrum.

• Wireless Transceiver: A transceiver is a combination of a transmitter and receiver used for wireless communication.
• Radio: The radio is the primary component responsible for:

References

• Transceiver: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transceiver

• RFID for Livestock: Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) tags are the most widely used technology for livestock tracking and individual identification on large farms.
• Benefits:

References

• RFID (General): https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio-frequency_identification

• SBCs (Single Board Computers): Designed as standalone, small-form-factor computers. They often include:
• Controller Boards: Focus on controlling specific hardware or systems.

References

• SBC Examples: https://www.raspberrypi.org/, https://www.beagleboard.org/
• Controller Board Examples: https://www.arduino.cc/

• Perception Layer: The foundation of an IoT system, it consists of sensors and actuators that:

• XAML and .NET: XAML (eXtensible Application Markup Language) is primarily used within the .NET framework for defining user interfaces. Specifically, technologies like:
• XAML in Other Frameworks: While some limited adaptation exists, its core use is tightly coupled with .NET technologies.

References:

• XAML Overview (Microsoft Docs): Introductions to XAML emphasizing its use in .NET applications.
• WPF Documentation: Tutorials and references specifically mentioning XAML's role in Windows desktop development.

• Firmware Definition: Firmware is a type of software embedded in hardware devices. It provides low-level instructions that control the basic operations and initialization of the device.
• ROM Storage: Firmware is typically stored in Read-Only Memory (ROM) or other forms of non-volatile memory, meaning it persists even when the device is powered off.
• Functions:

References

• Firmware Explanation: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firmware
• ROM: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Read-only_memory

• Legacy Support: The primary reason to continue using older wireless technologies is the need to connect with devices that don't support newer standards (e.g., old sensors or equipment).
• Other Reasons (Not as Strong):

• LoRa: This refers to the underlying radio modulation technique using Chirp Spread Spectrum (CSS). It defines how data is physically encoded onto the wireless signal.
• LoRaWAN: This is the network protocol built on top of LoRa. It manages device communication, network topology, and aspects like security. It operates at the MAC sublayer of the Data Link layer (Layer 2) of the OSI model
• LoRa vs. LoRaWAN: Key takeaway is that LoRa is the physical layer technology, while LoRaWAN adds the networking layer for management.

References:

• LoRa Modulation: Technical explanations of Chirp Spread Spectrum (CSS).
• LoRaWAN Specification: Official documentation detailing the network architecture and MAC layer functions.
• OSI Model: Descriptions of the Data Link layer and its role in networking.