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The characteristic risks associated with different architectures are as follows:

Dynamic/cloud-based systems: Critical workflows or dataflows to, from, or through unreliable or unpredictable remote servers, especially when such servers suffer periodic connection problems or intermittent periods of intense load. (C)

Client-server systems: Potential problems due to firewalls, packet inspection, and server load balancing. (A)

Multi-Tier systems: Failures related to the correct configuration of features such as distribution, virtualization, and scaling, during the initial configuration or subsequent updates. (D)

Distributed systems: Inadequate bandwidth or capacity on any individual server. (B)

References:

ISTQB Performance Testing Syllabus

ISTQB Glossary

Disk fragmentation (I) can lead to slower data retrieval times as the disk has to work harder to read fragmented files.

File repository growth (III) increases the amount of data that must be managed and retrieved, which can slow down response times.

Memory leaks (IV) gradually consume available memory, leading to slower system performance as the available memory for processing tasks decreases.

Network latency (II) and inadequate database design (V) are also potential causes of performance degradation, but in this context, options I, III, and IV are the most directly related to the gradual degradation of response times over time. This understanding is supported by common performance testing practices outlined in ISTQB materials.

Mobile applications often face performance risks due to the limited resources available on mobile devices, such as CPU, memory, battery, and network bandwidth. These constraints can significantly impact the performance of mobile applications, leading to slower response times and degraded user experiences. ISTQB performance testing guidelines emphasize considering the specific resource limitations of mobile environments to ensure comprehensive performance evaluation and optimization.