H13-311_V3.5 HCIA-AI V3.5 Exam Questions and Answers

OpenCV is a library used primarily for computer vision tasks like image and video processing. It is not considered an AI computing framework in the same way as PyTorch, MindSpore, or TensorFlow, which are commonly used frameworks for developing AI and machine learning models. AI frameworks like PyTorch, TensorFlow, and Huawei’s MindSpore are designed to facilitate the development and deployment of deep learning models.

Huawei Cloud ModelArts provides ModelBox, a tool for device-edge-cloud joint development, enabling efficient deployment across multiple environments. Some of its key optimization policies include:

Hardware affinity: Ensures that the models are optimized to run efficiently on the target hardware.

Operator optimization: Improves the performance of AI operators for better model execution.

Automatic segmentation of operators: Automatically segments operators for optimized distribution across devices, edges, and clouds.

Model replication is not an optimization policy offered by ModelBox.

Atlas is a key part of Huawei's full-stack, all-scenario AI solution. It provides AI hardware resources in the form of modules, boards, edge stations, and servers powered by Huawei's Ascend AI processors. The Atlas series is designed to meet customer demands for AI computing power in a variety of deployment scenarios, including cloud, edge, and device environments.

Huawei’s full-stack AI solution aims to deliver comprehensive AI capabilities across different levels. The Atlas series supports a wide range of industries by offering scalable AI computing resources, which are critical for industries dealing with large volumes of data and needing high-performance computing.

The process of constructing a knowledge graph typically involves several key steps:

A. Determining the target domain of the knowledge graph: This defines the scope and boundaries of the information to be represented.

B. Data acquisition: Involves gathering structured and unstructured data from various sources.

D. Knowledge fusion: This step involves integrating and reconciling data from multiple sources to create a consistent and coherent knowledge graph.

Creating new concepts is not typically part of the knowledge graph construction process. Instead, knowledge graphs usually focus on extracting, integrating, and structuring existing knowledge, not creating new concepts.

HCIA AI References:

AI Development Framework: Describes the steps in constructing knowledge graphs, from data acquisition to knowledge fusion and domain determination.

In standard Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs), the Tanh activation function is commonly used in the hidden layers. The Tanh function squashes input values to a range between -1 and 1, allowing the network to learn complex patterns over time by transforming the input data into non-linear patterns.

While other activation functions like Sigmoid can be used, Tanh is preferred in many RNNs for its wider range. ReLU is generally used in feed-forward networks, and Softmax is often applied in the output layer for classification problems.

HCIA AI References:

Deep Learning Overview: Describes the architecture of RNNs, highlighting the use of Tanh as the standard activation function.

AI Development Framework: Discusses the various activation functions used across different neural network architectures.

The mean squared error (MSE) loss function is primarily used for regression problems, where the goal is to minimize the difference between the predicted and actual continuous values. For classification problems, where the target output is categorical (e.g., binary or multi-class labels), loss functions like cross-entropy are more suitable, as they are designed to handle the probabilistic interpretation of outputs in classification tasks.

Using MSE for classification could lead to inefficient training because it doesn't capture the probabilistic relationships required for classification tasks.

As the model complexity increases (for example, by adding more layers to a neural network or increasing the depth of a decision tree), the training error tends to decrease. This is because more complex models are able to fit the training data better, possibly even capturing noise. However, increasing complexity often leads to overfitting, where the model performs well on the training data but poorly on unseen test data.

The relationship between model complexity and performance is covered extensively in Huawei HCIA AI's discussion of overfitting and underfitting and how model generalization is affected by increasing model complexity.

HCIA AI References:

Machine Learning Overview: Explains model complexity and its effect on training and testing error curves.

Deep Learning Overview: Discusses the balance between model capacity, overfitting, and underfitting in deep learning architectures.

The statement that mini-batch gradient descent (MBGD) takes less time than stochastic gradient descent (SGD) to complete an epoch when GPUs are used for parallel computing is incorrect. Here’s why:

Stochastic Gradient Descent (SGD) updates the weights after each training sample, which can lead to faster updates but more noise in the gradient steps. It completes an epoch after processing all samples one by one.

Mini-batch Gradient Descent (MBGD) processes small batches of data at a time, updating the weights after each batch. While MBGD leverages the computational power of GPUs effectively for parallelization, the comparison made in this question is not about overall computation speed, but about completing an epoch.

MBGD does not necessarily complete an epoch faster than SGD, as MBGD processes multiple samples in each batch, meaning fewer updates per epoch compared to SGD, where weights are updated after every individual sample.

Therefore, the correct answer is B. FALSE, as MBGD does not always take less time than SGD for completing an epoch, even when GPUs are used for parallelization.

HCIA AI References:

AI Development Framework: Discussion of gradient descent algorithms and their efficiency on different hardware architectures like GPUs.

In machine learning, hyperparameters are the parameters that govern the learning process and are not learned from the data. Hyperparameter optimization or hyperparameter tuning is a critical part of improving a model's performance. The goal of a hyperparameter-based search is to find the set of hyperparameters that maximizes the model's performance on a given dataset.

There are different techniques for hyperparameter tuning, such as grid search, random search, and more advanced methods like Bayesian optimization. The performance of the model is assessed based on evaluation metrics (like accuracy, precision, recall, etc.), and the hyperparameters are adjusted accordingly to achieve the best performance.

In Huawei's HCIA AI curriculum, hyperparameter optimization is discussed in relation to both traditional machine learning models and deep learning frameworks. The course emphasizes the importance of selecting appropriate hyperparameters and demonstrates how frameworks such as TensorFlow and Huawei's ModelArts platform can facilitate hyperparameter searches to optimize models efficiently.

HCIA AI References:

AI Overview and Machine Learning Overview: Emphasize the importance of hyperparameters in model training.

Deep Learning Overview: Highlights the role of hyperparameter tuning in neural network architectures, including tuning learning rates, batch sizes, and other key parameters.

AI Development Frameworks: Discusses the use of hyperparameter search tools in platforms like TensorFlow and Huawei ModelArts.

Logistic regression is not a solution for underfitting in regression models, as it is used primarily for classification problems rather than regression tasks. If underfitting occurs, it means that the model is too simple to capture the underlying patterns in the data. Solutions include using a more complex regression model like polynomial regression or increasing the number of features in the dataset.

Other options like adding a regularization term for overfitting (Lasso or Ridge) and using data cleansing and feature engineering are correct methods for improving model performance.

The global gradient descent algorithm evaluates the gradient over the entire dataset before each update, leading to accurate but slow convergence, especially for large datasets. In contrast, stochastic gradient descent updates the model parameters more frequently, which allows for faster convergence but with noisier updates. While batch gradient descent updates the parameters based on smaller batches of data, none of these algorithms can fully guarantee finding the global minimum in non-convex problems, where local minima may exist.

MindSpore provides several callback functions that can be used to monitor, modify, or control the behavior of the training process. These include:

SummaryCollector: Collects summaries such as loss and accuracy for visualization and monitoring.

ModelCheckpoint: Saves model parameters during or after training.

LossMonitor: Monitors the loss values during training and can stop training if certain conditions are met.

TrainStep is not a callback but rather a fundamental step in training.

Based on the image you've described, here's how the inputs and outputs of a Generative Adversarial Network (GAN) should be matched:

Gaussian white noise vector: This is typically used as an Input to the generator in GANs. The generator uses this random noise vector to produce synthetic data.

Sample data vector: This is an Input to the discriminator. The discriminator in a GAN receives either real data from the training set or fake data generated by the generator to determine its authenticity.

Real sample data or generated sample data: This is the Output from the generator. The generator creates synthetic data that mimics the real training data, which is then fed into the discriminator.

True or false: This is the Output from the discriminator. The discriminator outputs a judgment about whether the input data it received (either from real datasets or generated by the generator) is real (true) or fake (false).

These matches align with how GANs are designed to operate, with the generator creating data and the discriminator evaluating it.

The general quantum algorithms include:

A. HHL algorithm (Harrow-Hassidim-Lloyd): An algorithm designed for solving systems of linear equations using quantum computers.

B. Shor algorithm: A quantum algorithm for factoring large integers efficiently, which is important in cryptography.

C. Grover algorithm: A quantum search algorithm used for unstructured database search, providing a quadratic speedup over classical search algorithms.

The A search algorithm* is not a quantum algorithm; it is a classical algorithm used for finding the shortest path in a graph. Therefore, D is incorrect.

HCIA AI References:

Cutting-edge AI Applications: Discusses the potential of quantum algorithms in AI and other advanced computing applications.